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Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the
employer and the other being the employee. In a commercial
setting, the employer conceives of a productive activity,
generally with the intention of creating profits, and the
employee contributes labour to the enterprise, usually in return
for payment of wages.
Employment also exists in the public, non-profit and household
sectors.
In the United States, the "standard" employment contract is
considered to be at-will meaning that the employer and employee
are both free to terminate the employment at any time and for
any cause, or for no cause at all.
To the extent that employment or the economic equivalent is not
universal, unemployment exists.
Employment is almost universal in capitalist societies.
Opponents of capitalism such as Marxists oppose the capitalist
employment system, considering it to be unfair that the people
who contribute the majority of work to an organization do not
receive a proportionate share of the profit. However, the
surrealist and the situationist movements were among the few
groups to actually oppose work, and during the partially
surrealist-influenced events of May 1968 the walls of the
Sorbonne were covered with anti-work graffiti.
Labourers often talk of "getting a job", or "having a job". This
conceptual metaphor of a "job" as a possession has led to its
use in slogans such as "money for jobs, not bombs". Similar
conceptions are that of "land" as a possession (real estate) or
intellectual rights as a possession (intellectual property). The
Online Etymology Dictionary explains that the origin of "job" is
from the obsolete phrase "jobbe of work" in the sense of "piece
of work", and most dictionaries list the Middle English "gobbe"
meaning "lump" (gob) as the origin of "jobbe". Attempts to link
the word to the biblical character Job seem to be folk
etymology.
Employer
An employer is a person or institution that hires employees or
workers. Employers offer wages to the workers in exchange for
the worker's labor power.
Employers include everything from individuals hiring a
babysitter to governments and businesses which may hire many
thousands of employees. In most western societies governments
are the largest single employers, but most of the work force is
employed in small and medium businesses in the private sector.
Note that although employees may contribute to the evolution of
an enterprise, the employer maintains autonomous control over
the productive base of land and capital, and is the entity named
in contracts. The employer typically also maintains ownership of
intellectual property created by an employee within the scope of
employment and as a function thereof. These are known as "works
for hire".
Within large organizations the management of employees is often
handled by Human Resources departments. On the national scale
employers can be organized nijkin employers' organizations.
Employee
An employee contributes labor and expertise to an endeavour.
Employees perform the discrete activity of economic production.
Of the three factors of production, employees usually provide
the labor.
Specifically, an employee is any person hired by an employer to
do a specific "job". In most modern economies the term employee
refers to a specific defined relationship between an individual
and a corporation, which differs from those of customer, or
client. Most individuals attain the status of employee after a
thorough process of interviews with several departments within a
company. If the individual is determined to be a satisfactory
fit for the position, he is given an official offer of
employment within that company for a defined starting salary and
position. This individual then has all the rights and privileges
of an employee, which may include medical benefits and vacation
days. The relationship between a corporation and its employees
is usually handled through the human resources department, which
handles the incorporation of new hires, and the disbursement of
any benefits which the employee may be entitled, or any
grievances that employee may have. An offer of employment,
however, does not guarantee employment for any length of time
and each party may terminate the relationship at any time. This
is referred to as at will employment. While the terms
accountant, lawyer and photographer might refer to professions,
they are not employee titles, which may include Senior
Developer, Executive Assistant, or Regional Sales Manager and
the like.
There are differing classifications of workers within a company.
Some are full-time and permanent and receive a guaranteed
salary, while others are hired for short term contracts or work
as temps or consultants. These latter differ from permanent
employees in that the company where they work is not their
employer, but they may work through a temp-agency or consulting
firm. In this respect, it is important to distinguish
independent contractors from employees, since the two are
treated differently both in law and in most taxation systems.
Some companies feel that a happier work force is a better one
and thus offer extra benefits to improve team spirit and
performance. However, other employers try to increase profits by
giving low wages and few benefits. To resist this, employees can
organize into labor unions (American English), or trade unions
(British English), who represent most of the available work
force and must therefore be listened to by the management. This
can lead to considerable ill-will and sometimes even violence
between the two sides, but it can also lead to a peaceful and
prosperous society, especially in countries in which the
government plays an active mediator role in collective
bargaining. This has helped produce prosperous economies in many
countries due to the employees' increased spending power.
Collective bargaining has in addition proved to be a powerful
conflict resolution tool that has also enabled social dialog.
Associate is a term used by some companies instead of employee.
Big box retailers like Wal-Mart and Home Depot, for example, use
this term for non-management employees. Other firms use terms
such as teammate or team member instead of employee.
Many companies further classify employees as exempt or
non-exempt. This designation is used to separate employees that
are eligible for overtime from those that are not. An exempt
employee is one that is typically salaried and is not eligible
to earn overtime. Non-exempt employees are typically paid hourly
and are eligible for overtime pay.
Alternatives
When an individual entirely owns the business for which he or
she labours, this is known as self-employment. If a
self-employed individual has only one client for whom he or she
performs work, he or she may be considered an employee of that
client for tax purposes.[citation needed] Self-employment often
leads to incorporation. Incorporation offers certain protections
of one's personal assets. Laws of incorporation vary from state
to state with California having the most incorporated businesses
of any state in the U.S.
Workers who are not paid wages, such as volunteers, are
generally not considered as being employed. One exception to
this is an internship, an employment situation in which the
worker receives training or experience (and possibly college
credit) as the chief form of compensation.
Someone who works under obligation for the purpose of fulfilling
a debt without pay is known as a slave and slaveowners are also
not considered employers. Some historians suggest that slavery
is older than employment, but both arrangements have existed for
all recorded history. |
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